Source code for Chemistry.base.periodic_table

# Copyright (c) 2014 Dan Obermiller
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
#
# You should have received a copy of the MIT License along with this program.
# If not, see <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>


"""This module stores all of the data about each element in the periodic table.
This includes atomic mass, radius, electronegativity, etc.
"""


[docs]def get_element(symbol='C'): """Function that returns the appropriate data for a given element. Parameters ---------- symbol : string The symbol of the atom being returned. Defaults to 'C' for Carbon. Returns ------- table : dict A dictionary storing all of the relevant information about an element. """ table = {"symbol": symbol} table.update(periodic_table[symbol]) return table
periodic_table = { "H": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 14.01, "Weight": 1.008, "Density": 8.988e-05, "Symbol": "H", "Element": "Hydrogen", "Atomic Number": 1, "Boiling Point": 20.28, "Heat of ?": 14.304, "Atomic Radius": 53.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, -1 ] }, "He": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 0.956, "Weight": 4.002602, "Density": 0.0001785, "Symbol": "He", "Element": "Helium", "Atomic Number": 2, "Boiling Point": 4.22, "Heat of ?": 5.193, "Atomic Radius": 31.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 0 ] }, "Li": { "Electronegativity": 0.98, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 453.69, "Weight": 6.94, "Density": 0.534, "Symbol": "Li", "Element": "Lithium", "Atomic Number": 3, "Boiling Point": 1560.0, "Heat of ?": 3.582, "Atomic Radius": 167.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1 ] }, "Be": { "Electronegativity": 1.57, "Group": 2, "Melting Point": 1560.0, "Weight": 9.012182, "Density": 1.85, "Symbol": "Be", "Element": "Beryllium", "Atomic Number": 4, "Boiling Point": 2742.0, "Heat of ?": 1.825, "Atomic Radius": 112.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2 ] }, "B": { "Electronegativity": 2.04, "Group": 13, "Melting Point": 2349.0, "Weight": 10.81, "Density": 2.34, "Symbol": "B", "Element": "Boron", "Atomic Number": 5, "Boiling Point": 4200.0, "Heat of ?": 1.026, "Atomic Radius": 87.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "C": { "Electronegativity": 2.55, "Group": 14, "Melting Point": 3800.0, "Weight": 12.011, "Density": 2.267, "Symbol": "C", "Element": "Carbon", "Atomic Number": 6, "Boiling Point": 4300.0, "Heat of ?": 0.709, "Atomic Radius": 67.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -4, -3, -2, -1 ] }, "N": { "Electronegativity": 3.04, "Group": 15, "Melting Point": 63.15, "Weight": 14.007, "Density": 0.0012506, "Symbol": "N", "Element": "Nitrogen", "Atomic Number": 7, "Boiling Point": 77.36, "Heat of ?": 1.04, "Atomic Radius": 56.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -3, -2, -1 ] }, "O": { "Electronegativity": 3.44, "Group": 16, "Melting Point": 54.36, "Weight": 15.999, "Density": 0.001429, "Symbol": "O", "Element": "Oxygen", "Atomic Number": 8, "Boiling Point": 90.2, "Heat of ?": 0.918, "Atomic Radius": 48.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, -2, -1 ] }, "F": { "Electronegativity": 3.98, "Group": 17, "Melting Point": 53.53, "Weight": 18.9984032, "Density": 0.001696, "Symbol": "F", "Element": "Fluorine", "Atomic Number": 9, "Boiling Point": 85.03, "Heat of ?": 0.824, "Atomic Radius": 42.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ -1 ] }, "Ne": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 24.56, "Weight": 20.1797, "Density": 0.0008999, "Symbol": "Ne", "Element": "Neon", "Atomic Number": 10, "Boiling Point": 27.07, "Heat of ?": 1.03, "Atomic Radius": 38.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 0 ] }, "Na": { "Electronegativity": 0.93, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 370.87, "Weight": 22.98976928, "Density": 0.971, "Symbol": "Na", "Element": "Sodium", "Atomic Number": 11, "Boiling Point": 1156.0, "Heat of ?": 1.228, "Atomic Radius": 190.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, -1 ] }, "Mg": { "Electronegativity": 1.31, "Group": 2, "Melting Point": 923.0, "Weight": 24.3059, "Density": 1.738, "Symbol": "Mg", "Element": "Magnesium", "Atomic Number": 12, "Boiling Point": 1363.0, "Heat of ?": 1.023, "Atomic Radius": 145.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2 ] }, "Al": { "Electronegativity": 1.61, "Group": 13, "Melting Point": 933.47, "Weight": 26.9815386, "Density": 2.698, "Symbol": "Al", "Element": "Aluminium", "Atomic Number": 13, "Boiling Point": 2792.0, "Heat of ?": 0.897, "Atomic Radius": 118.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "Si": { "Electronegativity": 1.9, "Group": 14, "Melting Point": 1687.0, "Weight": 28.085, "Density": 2.3296, "Symbol": "Si", "Element": "Silicon", "Atomic Number": 14, "Boiling Point": 3538.0, "Heat of ?": 0.705, "Atomic Radius": 111.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -4, -3, -2, -1 ] }, "P": { "Electronegativity": 2.19, "Group": 15, "Melting Point": 317.3, "Weight": 30.973762, "Density": 1.82, "Symbol": "P", "Element": "Phosphorus", "Atomic Number": 15, "Boiling Point": 550.0, "Heat of ?": 0.769, "Atomic Radius": 98.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -3, -2, -1 ] }, "S": { "Electronegativity": 2.58, "Group": 16, "Melting Point": 388.36, "Weight": 32.06, "Density": 2.067, "Symbol": "S", "Element": "Sulfur", "Atomic Number": 16, "Boiling Point": 717.87, "Heat of ?": 0.71, "Atomic Radius": 88.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -1 ] }, "Cl": { "Electronegativity": 3.16, "Group": 17, "Melting Point": 171.6, "Weight": 35.45, "Density": 0.003214, "Symbol": "Cl", "Element": "Chlorine", "Atomic Number": 17, "Boiling Point": 239.11, "Heat of ?": 0.479, "Atomic Radius": 79.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -1 ] }, "Ar": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 83.8, "Weight": 39.948, "Density": 0.0017837, "Symbol": "Ar", "Element": "Argon", "Atomic Number": 18, "Boiling Point": 87.3, "Heat of ?": 0.52, "Atomic Radius": 71.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 0 ] }, "K": { "Electronegativity": 0.82, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 336.53, "Weight": 39.0983, "Density": 0.862, "Symbol": "K", "Element": "Potassium", "Atomic Number": 19, "Boiling Point": 1032.0, "Heat of ?": 0.757, "Atomic Radius": 243.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, -1 ] }, "Ca": { "Electronegativity": 1.0, "Group": 2, "Melting Point": 1115.0, "Weight": 40.078, "Density": 1.54, "Symbol": "Ca", "Element": "Calcium", "Atomic Number": 20, "Boiling Point": 1757.0, "Heat of ?": 0.647, "Atomic Radius": 194.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2 ] }, "Sc": { "Electronegativity": 1.36, "Group": 3, "Melting Point": 1814.0, "Weight": 44.955912, "Density": 2.989, "Symbol": "Sc", "Element": "Scandium", "Atomic Number": 21, "Boiling Point": 3109.0, "Heat of ?": 0.568, "Atomic Radius": 184.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "Ti": { "Electronegativity": 1.54, "Group": 4, "Melting Point": 1941.0, "Weight": 47.867, "Density": 4.54, "Symbol": "Ti", "Element": "Titanium", "Atomic Number": 22, "Boiling Point": 3560.0, "Heat of ?": 0.523, "Atomic Radius": 176.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -1 ] }, "V": { "Electronegativity": 1.63, "Group": 5, "Melting Point": 2183.0, "Weight": 50.9415, "Density": 6.11, "Symbol": "V", "Element": "Vanadium", "Atomic Number": 23, "Boiling Point": 3680.0, "Heat of ?": 0.489, "Atomic Radius": 171.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1 ] }, "Cr": { "Electronegativity": 1.66, "Group": 6, "Melting Point": 2180.0, "Weight": 51.9961, "Density": 7.15, "Symbol": "Cr", "Element": "Chromium", "Atomic Number": 24, "Boiling Point": 2944.0, "Heat of ?": 0.449, "Atomic Radius": 166.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -2, -1 ] }, "Mn": { "Electronegativity": 1.55, "Group": 7, "Melting Point": 1519.0, "Weight": 54.938045, "Density": 7.44, "Symbol": "Mn", "Element": "Manganese", "Atomic Number": 25, "Boiling Point": 2334.0, "Heat of ?": 0.479, "Atomic Radius": 161.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -3, -2, -1 ] }, "Fe": { "Electronegativity": 1.83, "Group": 8, "Melting Point": 1811.0, "Weight": 55.845, "Density": 7.874, "Symbol": "Fe", "Element": "Iron", "Atomic Number": 26, "Boiling Point": 3134.0, "Heat of ?": 0.449, "Atomic Radius": 156.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -2, -1 ] }, "Co": { "Electronegativity": 1.88, "Group": 9, "Melting Point": 1768.0, "Weight": 58.933195, "Density": 8.86, "Symbol": "Co", "Element": "Cobalt", "Atomic Number": 27, "Boiling Point": 3200.0, "Heat of ?": 0.421, "Atomic Radius": 152.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1 ] }, "Ni": { "Electronegativity": 1.91, "Group": 10, "Melting Point": 1728.0, "Weight": 58.6934, "Density": 8.912, "Symbol": "Ni", "Element": "Nickel", "Atomic Number": 28, "Boiling Point": 3186.0, "Heat of ?": 0.444, "Atomic Radius": 149.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -1 ] }, "Cu": { "Electronegativity": 1.9, "Group": 11, "Melting Point": 1357.77, "Weight": 63.546, "Density": 8.96, "Symbol": "Cu", "Element": "Copper", "Atomic Number": 29, "Boiling Point": 2835.0, "Heat of ?": 0.385, "Atomic Radius": 145.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Zn": { "Electronegativity": 1.65, "Group": 12, "Melting Point": 692.88, "Weight": 65.38, "Density": 7.134, "Symbol": "Zn", "Element": "Zinc", "Atomic Number": 30, "Boiling Point": 1180.0, "Heat of ?": 0.388, "Atomic Radius": 142.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2 ] }, "Ga": { "Electronegativity": 1.81, "Group": 13, "Melting Point": 302.9146, "Weight": 69.723, "Density": 5.907, "Symbol": "Ga", "Element": "Gallium", "Atomic Number": 31, "Boiling Point": 2477.0, "Heat of ?": 0.371, "Atomic Radius": 136.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "Ge": { "Electronegativity": 2.01, "Group": 14, "Melting Point": 1211.4, "Weight": 72.63, "Density": 5.323, "Symbol": "Ge", "Element": "Germanium", "Atomic Number": 32, "Boiling Point": 3106.0, "Heat of ?": 0.32, "Atomic Radius": 125.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -4, -3, -2, -1 ] }, "As": { "Electronegativity": 2.18, "Group": 15, "Melting Point": 1090.0, "Weight": 74.9216, "Density": 5.776, "Symbol": "As", "Element": "Arsenic", "Atomic Number": 33, "Boiling Point": 887.0, "Heat of ?": 0.329, "Atomic Radius": 114.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 5, -3 ] }, "Se": { "Electronegativity": 2.55, "Group": 16, "Melting Point": 453.0, "Weight": 78.96, "Density": 4.809, "Symbol": "Se", "Element": "Selenium", "Atomic Number": 34, "Boiling Point": 958.0, "Heat of ?": 0.321, "Atomic Radius": 103.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 4, 6, -2 ] }, "Br": { "Electronegativity": 2.96, "Group": 17, "Melting Point": 265.8, "Weight": 79.9049, "Density": 3.122, "Symbol": "Br", "Element": "Bromine", "Atomic Number": 35, "Boiling Point": 332.0, "Heat of ?": 0.474, "Atomic Radius": 94.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, -1 ] }, "Kr": { "Electronegativity": 3.0, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 115.79, "Weight": 83.798, "Density": 0.003733, "Symbol": "Kr", "Element": "Krypton", "Atomic Number": 36, "Boiling Point": 119.93, "Heat of ?": 0.248, "Atomic Radius": 88.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2 ] }, "Rb": { "Electronegativity": 0.82, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 312.46, "Weight": 85.4678, "Density": 1.532, "Symbol": "Rb", "Element": "Rubidium", "Atomic Number": 37, "Boiling Point": 961.0, "Heat of ?": 0.363, "Atomic Radius": 265.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, -1 ] }, "Sr": { "Electronegativity": 0.95, "Group": 2, "Melting Point": 1050.0, "Weight": 87.62, "Density": 2.64, "Symbol": "Sr", "Element": "Strontium", "Atomic Number": 38, "Boiling Point": 1655.0, "Heat of ?": 0.301, "Atomic Radius": 219.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2 ] }, "Y": { "Electronegativity": 1.22, "Group": 3, "Melting Point": 1799.0, "Weight": 88.90585, "Density": 4.469, "Symbol": "Y", "Element": "Yttrium", "Atomic Number": 39, "Boiling Point": 3609.0, "Heat of ?": 0.298, "Atomic Radius": 212.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "Zr": { "Electronegativity": 1.33, "Group": 4, "Melting Point": 2128.0, "Weight": 91.224, "Density": 6.506, "Symbol": "Zr", "Element": "Zirconium", "Atomic Number": 40, "Boiling Point": 4682.0, "Heat of ?": 0.278, "Atomic Radius": 206.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Nb": { "Electronegativity": 1.6, "Group": 5, "Melting Point": 2750.0, "Weight": 92.90638, "Density": 8.57, "Symbol": "Nb", "Element": "Niobium", "Atomic Number": 41, "Boiling Point": 5017.0, "Heat of ?": 0.265, "Atomic Radius": 198.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1 ] }, "Mo": { "Electronegativity": 2.16, "Group": 6, "Melting Point": 2896.0, "Weight": 95.96, "Density": 10.22, "Symbol": "Mo", "Element": "Molybdenum", "Atomic Number": 42, "Boiling Point": 4912.0, "Heat of ?": 0.251, "Atomic Radius": 190.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -2, -1 ] }, "Tc": { "Electronegativity": 1.9, "Group": 7, "Melting Point": 2430.0, "Weight": 98.0, "Density": 11.5, "Symbol": "Tc", "Element": "Technetium", "Atomic Number": 43, "Boiling Point": 4538.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": 183.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -3, -1 ] }, "Ru": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 8, "Melting Point": 2607.0, "Weight": 101.07, "Density": 12.37, "Symbol": "Ru", "Element": "Ruthenium", "Atomic Number": 44, "Boiling Point": 4423.0, "Heat of ?": 0.238, "Atomic Radius": 178.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -2 ] }, "Rh": { "Electronegativity": 2.28, "Group": 9, "Melting Point": 2237.0, "Weight": 102.9055, "Density": 12.41, "Symbol": "Rh", "Element": "Rhodium", "Atomic Number": 45, "Boiling Point": 3968.0, "Heat of ?": 0.243, "Atomic Radius": 173.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -1 ] }, "Pd": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 10, "Melting Point": 1828.05, "Weight": 106.42, "Density": 12.02, "Symbol": "Pd", "Element": "Palladium", "Atomic Number": 46, "Boiling Point": 3236.0, "Heat of ?": 0.244, "Atomic Radius": 169.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 4, 6 ] }, "Ag": { "Electronegativity": 1.93, "Group": 11, "Melting Point": 1234.93, "Weight": 107.8682, "Density": 10.501, "Symbol": "Ag", "Element": "Silver", "Atomic Number": 47, "Boiling Point": 2435.0, "Heat of ?": 0.235, "Atomic Radius": 165.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Cd": { "Electronegativity": 1.69, "Group": 12, "Melting Point": 594.22, "Weight": 112.411, "Density": 8.69, "Symbol": "Cd", "Element": "Cadmium", "Atomic Number": 48, "Boiling Point": 1040.0, "Heat of ?": 0.232, "Atomic Radius": 161.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2 ] }, "In": { "Electronegativity": 1.78, "Group": 13, "Melting Point": 429.75, "Weight": 114.818, "Density": 7.31, "Symbol": "In", "Element": "Indium", "Atomic Number": 49, "Boiling Point": 2345.0, "Heat of ?": 0.233, "Atomic Radius": 156.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "Sn": { "Electronegativity": 1.96, "Group": 14, "Melting Point": 505.08, "Weight": 118.71, "Density": 7.287, "Symbol": "Sn", "Element": "Tin", "Atomic Number": 50, "Boiling Point": 2875.0, "Heat of ?": 0.228, "Atomic Radius": 145.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 4, -4 ] }, "Sb": { "Electronegativity": 2.05, "Group": 15, "Melting Point": 903.78, "Weight": 121.76, "Density": 6.685, "Symbol": "Sb", "Element": "Antimony", "Atomic Number": 51, "Boiling Point": 1860.0, "Heat of ?": 0.207, "Atomic Radius": 133.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 3, 5, -3 ] }, "Te": { "Electronegativity": 2.1, "Group": 16, "Melting Point": 722.66, "Weight": 127.6, "Density": 6.232, "Symbol": "Te", "Element": "Tellurium", "Atomic Number": 52, "Boiling Point": 1261.0, "Heat of ?": 0.202, "Atomic Radius": 123.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 4, 5, 6, -2 ] }, "I": { "Electronegativity": 2.66, "Group": 17, "Melting Point": 386.85, "Weight": 126.90447, "Density": 4.93, "Symbol": "I", "Element": "Iodine", "Atomic Number": 53, "Boiling Point": 457.4, "Heat of ?": 0.214, "Atomic Radius": 115.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, -1 ] }, "Xe": { "Electronegativity": 2.6, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 161.4, "Weight": 131.293, "Density": 0.005887, "Symbol": "Xe", "Element": "Xenon", "Atomic Number": 54, "Boiling Point": 165.03, "Heat of ?": 0.158, "Atomic Radius": 108.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 ] }, "Cs": { "Electronegativity": 0.79, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 301.59, "Weight": 132.9054519, "Density": 1.873, "Symbol": "Cs", "Element": "Caesium", "Atomic Number": 55, "Boiling Point": 944.0, "Heat of ?": 0.242, "Atomic Radius": 298.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, -1 ] }, "Ba": { "Electronegativity": 0.89, "Group": 2, "Melting Point": 1000.0, "Weight": 137.327, "Density": 3.594, "Symbol": "Ba", "Element": "Barium", "Atomic Number": 56, "Boiling Point": 2170.0, "Heat of ?": 0.204, "Atomic Radius": 253.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2 ] }, "La": { "Electronegativity": 1.1, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1193.0, "Weight": 138.90547, "Density": 6.145, "Symbol": "La", "Element": "Lanthanum", "Atomic Number": 57, "Boiling Point": 3737.0, "Heat of ?": 0.195, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Ce": { "Electronegativity": 1.12, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1068.0, "Weight": 140.116, "Density": 6.77, "Symbol": "Ce", "Element": "Cerium", "Atomic Number": 58, "Boiling Point": 3716.0, "Heat of ?": 0.192, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Pr": { "Electronegativity": 1.13, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1208.0, "Weight": 140.90765, "Density": 6.773, "Symbol": "Pr", "Element": "Praseodymium", "Atomic Number": 59, "Boiling Point": 3793.0, "Heat of ?": 0.193, "Atomic Radius": 247.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Nd": { "Electronegativity": 1.14, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1297.0, "Weight": 144.242, "Density": 7.007, "Symbol": "Nd", "Element": "Neodymium", "Atomic Number": 60, "Boiling Point": 3347.0, "Heat of ?": 0.19, "Atomic Radius": 206.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Pm": { "Electronegativity": 1.13, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1315.0, "Weight": 145.0, "Density": 7.26, "Symbol": "Pm", "Element": "Promethium", "Atomic Number": 61, "Boiling Point": 3273.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": 205.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Sm": { "Electronegativity": 1.17, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1345.0, "Weight": 150.36, "Density": 7.52, "Symbol": "Sm", "Element": "Samarium", "Atomic Number": 62, "Boiling Point": 2067.0, "Heat of ?": 0.197, "Atomic Radius": 238.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Eu": { "Electronegativity": 1.2, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1099.0, "Weight": 151.964, "Density": 5.243, "Symbol": "Eu", "Element": "Europium", "Atomic Number": 63, "Boiling Point": 1802.0, "Heat of ?": 0.182, "Atomic Radius": 231.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Gd": { "Electronegativity": 1.2, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1585.0, "Weight": 157.25, "Density": 7.895, "Symbol": "Gd", "Element": "Gadolinium", "Atomic Number": 64, "Boiling Point": 3546.0, "Heat of ?": 0.236, "Atomic Radius": 233.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3 ] }, "Tb": { "Electronegativity": 1.2, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1629.0, "Weight": 158.92535, "Density": 8.229, "Symbol": "Tb", "Element": "Terbium", "Atomic Number": 65, "Boiling Point": 3503.0, "Heat of ?": 0.182, "Atomic Radius": 225.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Dy": { "Electronegativity": 1.22, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1680.0, "Weight": 162.5, "Density": 8.55, "Symbol": "Dy", "Element": "Dysprosium", "Atomic Number": 66, "Boiling Point": 2840.0, "Heat of ?": 0.17, "Atomic Radius": 228.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Ho": { "Electronegativity": 1.23, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1734.0, "Weight": 164.93032, "Density": 8.795, "Symbol": "Ho", "Element": "Holmium", "Atomic Number": 67, "Boiling Point": 2993.0, "Heat of ?": 0.165, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Er": { "Electronegativity": 1.24, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1802.0, "Weight": 167.259, "Density": 9.066, "Symbol": "Er", "Element": "Erbium", "Atomic Number": 68, "Boiling Point": 3141.0, "Heat of ?": 0.168, "Atomic Radius": 226.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Tm": { "Electronegativity": 1.25, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1818.0, "Weight": 168.93421, "Density": 9.321, "Symbol": "Tm", "Element": "Thulium", "Atomic Number": 69, "Boiling Point": 2223.0, "Heat of ?": 0.16, "Atomic Radius": 222.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Yb": { "Electronegativity": 1.1, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1097.0, "Weight": 173.054, "Density": 6.965, "Symbol": "Yb", "Element": "Ytterbium", "Atomic Number": 70, "Boiling Point": 1469.0, "Heat of ?": 0.155, "Atomic Radius": 222.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Lu": { "Electronegativity": 1.27, "Group": 3, "Melting Point": 1925.0, "Weight": 174.9668, "Density": 9.84, "Symbol": "Lu", "Element": "Lutetium", "Atomic Number": 71, "Boiling Point": 3675.0, "Heat of ?": 0.154, "Atomic Radius": 217.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 3 ] }, "Hf": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 4, "Melting Point": 2506.0, "Weight": 178.49, "Density": 13.31, "Symbol": "Hf", "Element": "Hafnium", "Atomic Number": 72, "Boiling Point": 4876.0, "Heat of ?": 0.144, "Atomic Radius": 208.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Ta": { "Electronegativity": 1.5, "Group": 5, "Melting Point": 3290.0, "Weight": 180.94788, "Density": 16.654, "Symbol": "Ta", "Element": "Tantalum", "Atomic Number": 73, "Boiling Point": 5731.0, "Heat of ?": 0.14, "Atomic Radius": 200.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, -1 ] }, "W": { "Electronegativity": 2.36, "Group": 6, "Melting Point": 3695.0, "Weight": 183.84, "Density": 19.25, "Symbol": "W", "Element": "Tungsten", "Atomic Number": 74, "Boiling Point": 5828.0, "Heat of ?": 0.132, "Atomic Radius": 193.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -2, -1 ] }, "Re": { "Electronegativity": 1.9, "Group": 7, "Melting Point": 3459.0, "Weight": 186.207, "Density": 21.02, "Symbol": "Re", "Element": "Rhenium", "Atomic Number": 75, "Boiling Point": 5869.0, "Heat of ?": 0.137, "Atomic Radius": 188.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -3, -1 ] }, "Os": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 8, "Melting Point": 3306.0, "Weight": 190.23, "Density": 22.61, "Symbol": "Os", "Element": "Osmium", "Atomic Number": 76, "Boiling Point": 5285.0, "Heat of ?": 0.13, "Atomic Radius": 185.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -2, -1 ] }, "Ir": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 9, "Melting Point": 2719.0, "Weight": 192.217, "Density": 22.56, "Symbol": "Ir", "Element": "Iridium", "Atomic Number": 77, "Boiling Point": 4701.0, "Heat of ?": 0.131, "Atomic Radius": 180.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -3, -1 ] }, "Pt": { "Electronegativity": 2.28, "Group": 10, "Melting Point": 2041.4, "Weight": 195.084, "Density": 21.46, "Symbol": "Pt", "Element": "Platinum", "Atomic Number": 78, "Boiling Point": 4098.0, "Heat of ?": 0.133, "Atomic Radius": 177.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -2, -1 ] }, "Au": { "Electronegativity": 2.54, "Group": 11, "Melting Point": 1337.33, "Weight": 196.966569, "Density": 19.282, "Symbol": "Au", "Element": "Gold", "Atomic Number": 79, "Boiling Point": 3129.0, "Heat of ?": 0.129, "Atomic Radius": 174.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 3, 5, -1 ] }, "Hg": { "Electronegativity": 2.0, "Group": 12, "Melting Point": 234.43, "Weight": 200.592, "Density": 13.5336, "Symbol": "Hg", "Element": "Mercury", "Atomic Number": 80, "Boiling Point": 629.88, "Heat of ?": 0.14, "Atomic Radius": 171.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 2, 4 ] }, "Tl": { "Electronegativity": 1.62, "Group": 13, "Melting Point": 577.0, "Weight": 204.389, "Density": 11.85, "Symbol": "Tl", "Element": "Thallium", "Atomic Number": 81, "Boiling Point": 1746.0, "Heat of ?": 0.129, "Atomic Radius": 156.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 3, -1 ] }, "Pb": { "Electronegativity": 1.87, "Group": 14, "Melting Point": 600.61, "Weight": 207.2, "Density": 11.342, "Symbol": "Pb", "Element": "Lead", "Atomic Number": 82, "Boiling Point": 2022.0, "Heat of ?": 0.129, "Atomic Radius": 154.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 4, -4 ] }, "Bi": { "Electronegativity": 2.02, "Group": 15, "Melting Point": 544.7, "Weight": 208.9804, "Density": 9.807, "Symbol": "Bi", "Element": "Bismuth", "Atomic Number": 83, "Boiling Point": 1837.0, "Heat of ?": 0.122, "Atomic Radius": 143.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 3, 5, -3 ] }, "Po": { "Electronegativity": 2.0, "Group": 16, "Melting Point": 527.0, "Weight": 209.0, "Density": 9.32, "Symbol": "Po", "Element": "Polonium", "Atomic Number": 84, "Boiling Point": 1235.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": 135.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 4, 5, 6, -2 ] }, "At": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 17, "Melting Point": 575.0, "Weight": 210.0, "Density": 7.0, "Symbol": "At", "Element": "Astatine", "Atomic Number": 85, "Boiling Point": 610.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1, 3, 5, 7, -1 ] }, "Rn": { "Electronegativity": 2.2, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 202.0, "Weight": 222.0, "Density": 0.00973, "Symbol": "Rn", "Element": "Radon", "Atomic Number": 86, "Boiling Point": 211.3, "Heat of ?": 0.094, "Atomic Radius": 120.0, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 6 ] }, "Fr": { "Electronegativity": 0.7, "Group": 1, "Melting Point": 300.0, "Weight": 223.0, "Density": 1.87, "Symbol": "Fr", "Element": "Francium", "Atomic Number": 87, "Boiling Point": 950.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 1 ] }, "Ra": { "Electronegativity": 0.9, "Group": 2, "Melting Point": 973.0, "Weight": 226.0, "Density": 5.5, "Symbol": "Ra", "Element": "Radium", "Atomic Number": 88, "Boiling Point": 2010.0, "Heat of ?": 0.094, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2 ] }, "Ac": { "Electronegativity": 1.1, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1323.0, "Weight": 227.0, "Density": 10.07, "Symbol": "Ac", "Element": "Actinium", "Atomic Number": 89, "Boiling Point": 3471.0, "Heat of ?": 0.12, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Th": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 2115.0, "Weight": 232.03806, "Density": 11.72, "Symbol": "Th", "Element": "Thorium", "Atomic Number": 90, "Boiling Point": 5061.0, "Heat of ?": 0.113, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Pa": { "Electronegativity": 1.5, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1841.0, "Weight": 231.03588, "Density": 15.37, "Symbol": "Pa", "Element": "Protactinium", "Atomic Number": 91, "Boiling Point": 4300.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4, 5 ] }, "U": { "Electronegativity": 1.38, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1405.3, "Weight": 238.02891, "Density": 18.95, "Symbol": "U", "Element": "Uranium", "Atomic Number": 92, "Boiling Point": 4404.0, "Heat of ?": 0.116, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ] }, "Np": { "Electronegativity": 1.36, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 917.0, "Weight": 237.0, "Density": 20.45, "Symbol": "Np", "Element": "Neptunium", "Atomic Number": 93, "Boiling Point": 4273.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ] }, "Pu": { "Electronegativity": 1.28, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 912.5, "Weight": 244.0, "Density": 19.84, "Symbol": "Pu", "Element": "Plutonium", "Atomic Number": 94, "Boiling Point": 3501.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ] }, "Am": { "Electronegativity": 1.13, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1449.0, "Weight": 243.0, "Density": 13.69, "Symbol": "Am", "Element": "Americium", "Atomic Number": 95, "Boiling Point": 2880.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ] }, "Cm": { "Electronegativity": 1.28, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1613.0, "Weight": 247.0, "Density": 13.51, "Symbol": "Cm", "Element": "Curium", "Atomic Number": 96, "Boiling Point": 3383.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 ] }, "Bk": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1259.0, "Weight": 247.0, "Density": 14.79, "Symbol": "Bk", "Element": "Berkelium", "Atomic Number": 97, "Boiling Point": 2900.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Cf": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1173.0, "Weight": 251.0, "Density": 15.1, "Symbol": "Cf", "Element": "Californium", "Atomic Number": 98, "Boiling Point": 1743.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Es": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1133.0, "Weight": 252.0, "Density": 8.84, "Symbol": "Es", "Element": "Einsteinium", "Atomic Number": 99, "Boiling Point": 1269.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3, 4 ] }, "Fm": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1125.0, "Weight": 257.0, "Density": None, "Symbol": "Fm", "Element": "Fermium", "Atomic Number": 100, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Md": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1100.0, "Weight": 258.0, "Density": None, "Symbol": "Md", "Element": "Mendelevium", "Atomic Number": 101, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "No": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 0, "Melting Point": 1100.0, "Weight": 259.0, "Density": None, "Symbol": "No", "Element": "Nobelium", "Atomic Number": 102, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 2, 3 ] }, "Lr": { "Electronegativity": 1.3, "Group": 3, "Melting Point": 1900.0, "Weight": 262.0, "Density": None, "Symbol": "Lr", "Element": "Lawrencium", "Atomic Number": 103, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 3 ] }, "Rf": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 4, "Melting Point": 2400.0, "Weight": 267.0, "Density": 23.2, "Symbol": "Rf", "Element": "Rutherfordium", "Atomic Number": 104, "Boiling Point": 5800.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 4 ] }, "Db": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 5, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 268.0, "Density": 29.3, "Symbol": "Db", "Element": "Dubnium", "Atomic Number": 105, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 5 ] }, "Sg": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 6, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 269.0, "Density": 35.0, "Symbol": "Sg", "Element": "Seaborgium", "Atomic Number": 106, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 6 ] }, "Bh": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 7, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 270.0, "Density": 37.1, "Symbol": "Bh", "Element": "Bohrium", "Atomic Number": 107, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 7 ] }, "Hs": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 8, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 269.0, "Density": 40.7, "Symbol": "Hs", "Element": "Hassium", "Atomic Number": 108, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 8 ] }, "Mt": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 9, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 278.0, "Density": 37.4, "Symbol": "Mt", "Element": "Meitnerium", "Atomic Number": 109, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": [ 8 ] }, "Ds": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 10, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 281.0, "Density": 34.8, "Symbol": "Ds", "Element": "Darmstadtium", "Atomic Number": 110, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Rg": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 11, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 281.0, "Density": 28.7, "Symbol": "Rg", "Element": "Roentgenium", "Atomic Number": 111, "Boiling Point": None, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Cn": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 12, "Melting Point": None, "Weight": 285.0, "Density": 23.7, "Symbol": "Cn", "Element": "Copernicium", "Atomic Number": 112, "Boiling Point": 357.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Uut": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 13, "Melting Point": 700.0, "Weight": 286.0, "Density": 16.0, "Symbol": "Uut", "Element": "Ununtrium", "Atomic Number": 113, "Boiling Point": 1400.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Fl": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 14, "Melting Point": 340.0, "Weight": 289.0, "Density": 14.0, "Symbol": "Fl", "Element": "Flerovium", "Atomic Number": 114, "Boiling Point": 420.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Uup": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 15, "Melting Point": 700.0, "Weight": 288.0, "Density": 13.5, "Symbol": "Uup", "Element": "Ununpentium", "Atomic Number": 115, "Boiling Point": 1400.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Lv": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 16, "Melting Point": 708.5, "Weight": 293.0, "Density": 12.9, "Symbol": "Lv", "Element": "Livermorium", "Atomic Number": 116, "Boiling Point": 1085.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Uus": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 17, "Melting Point": 673.0, "Weight": 294.0, "Density": 7.2, "Symbol": "Uus", "Element": "Ununseptium", "Atomic Number": 117, "Boiling Point": 823.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None }, "Uuo": { "Electronegativity": None, "Group": 18, "Melting Point": 258.0, "Weight": 294.0, "Density": 5.0, "Symbol": "Uuo", "Element": "Ununoctium", "Atomic Number": 118, "Boiling Point": 263.0, "Heat of ?": None, "Atomic Radius": None, "Oxidation Number(s)": None } }